第八节
中国文学作品佛家意境美的再现
佛家美学主张主体要摆脱尘世,摈除俗念,对宇宙和人生进行静观和禅悟,通过妙悟、顿悟以直观生命的本质,最终达到大彻大悟的境界,因此佛家宣扬一种生命宇宙。佛家之心境是一种空境,即主体内心的空静,主体通过禅悟才能达到心灵的空寂,体悟生命的本质。佛家美学追求一种大音希声、大象无形的空灵澄静的意境和清澈空明的境界。中国古诗的佛家之意境包含两类:一种是在“偏于静态的艺术实境中寻求空明本体,达到圆融体悟造成的意境美”,这是一种“刹那永恒的人生体悟”;另一种是“在纷纭世态的描绘中寻求空明本体,达到圆融体悟”。佛教强调空、静,认为人只有通过禅悟才能达到心灵的空寂,体悟生命的本质。下面是唐朝诗人王维的《汉江临泛》和两种译文:
楚塞三湘接,荆门九派通。
江流天地外,山色有无中。
郡邑沧前浮,波澜动远空。
襄阳好风日,留醉与山翁。
Three Southern rivers rolling by,
Nine tributaries meeting here,
Their water flows from earth to sky;
Hills now appear,now disappear.
Towns seem to float on river shore;
With waves horizons rise and fall .
Such scenery as we adore
Would make us drink and drunken all.
(许渊冲译)
The border of Chu lies close to Three Xiang,
Mount Jingmen looms above the nine streams.
The grand river flows beyond heaven and earth,
Distant hills float and fade out by turns,it seems.
Shires and burghs shimmer o'er the shore yonder,
The horizon ripples with waves surging up.
How enchanting the scenery in Xiangyang!
I will stay with old Shan and drain my cup.
(孙梁译)
原诗描绘了汉江汹涌澎湃的雄伟气势和壮观景象。首联“楚塞三湘接,荆门九派通”描绘了汉江浩浩荡荡汇入长江的壮观场面。“三湘”指湘江分别与漓水、蒸水、潇水交汇而形成的漓湘、蒸湘、潇湘三条江,“九派”指长江的九条支流。许译Three Southern rivers rolling by用现在分词rolling再现了汉江水奔流不息的场面。孙译The border of Chu lies close to Three Xiang/Mount Jingmen looms above the nine streams中close to、above再现了原诗画面的立体空间感,looms意思是come into sight without a clear form,especially in a way that appears very large,生动地再现了荆门山的高耸险峻。原诗第二联“江流天地外,山色有无中”,《唐诗鉴赏辞典》解释为“汉江滔滔远去,好像一直涌流到天地之外去了,两岸重重青山,迷迷蒙蒙,时隐时现,若有若无”,表现了大自然景色中的一种空灵境界。许译Hills now appear,now disappear中now appear,now disappear形成排比结构,now的迭用、appear与disappear的对比再现了苍山迷蒙、时隐时现的景象。孙译The grand river flows beyond heaven and earth用介词beyond再现了大江的宽阔浩渺,Distant hills float and fade out by turns,it seems中动词float与fade形成头韵,生动地刻画了山色的若隐若现、朦胧空灵,富于音美和意美。
原诗第三联“郡邑沧前浮,波澜动远空”中用“浮”、“动”化静态景物为动态,许译Towns seem to float on river shore/With waves horizons rise and fall用动词float、rise、fall再现了汉江波涛滚滚、天地似乎随之摇动的场景。孙译Shires and burghs shimmer o'er the shore yonder中动词shimmer意思是shine with a soft trembling light,生动地再现了原诗的画面:郡邑映照在水中,江面上波光粼粼。介词o'er(over)、副词yonder与上文的介词yonder前后呼应,刻画了大江的浩荡开阔。The horizon ripples with waves surging up中动词ripples既描写江水的涟漪起伏,又生动地再现了原诗意象所表现的一种幻境:远处的地平线似乎也随着江水轻微起伏。surging up再现了汉江汹涌澎湃的雄伟气势和壮观景象。原诗第四联“襄阳好风日,留醉与山翁”描写了诗人逍遥林泉的隐居生活。原诗用“接”、“通”、“流”、“有无”、“浮”、“动”等一组动词使“三湘”、“九派”、“江”、“山”、“郡邑”、“前浦”、“波澜”、“远空”等意象的描写形象生动,富于意境美。许译Such scenery as we adore中adore表达了诗人对大自然的热爱,Would make us drink and drunken all中drink、drunken为同源词,drink表现诗人尽情享受大自然的美景,drunken表现诗人对自然美景如痴如醉。孙译How enchanting the scenery in Xiangyang!用感叹句,语气强烈,enchanting传达了诗人对大自然景色的陶醉。下面是《酬张少府》和黄省生的译文:
晚年惟好静,万事不关心。
自顾无长策,空知返旧林。
松树吹解带,山月照弹琴。
君问穷通理,渔歌入浦深。
In evening years I only care for peace:
No worldly affairs ever trouble my mind's ease.
Surveying myself I saw no far-going ways.
Why not return to the woods of my young days?
My loose sash's caressed by the wind from pines.
On the strings of my lute the hill moon shines.
You ask the reason for failure and success -
A fisher croons into the stream's recess.
原诗传达了诗人内心世界的空寂,诗人早年胸怀远大的政治抱负,但朝廷奸臣当道,排挤贤才,诗人报国无门,内心极度失落和苦闷。他不愿与黑暗势力同流合污,于是归隐山林,与世无争,尽情享受恬然自得的田园生活。原诗“晚年惟好静,万事不关心”描写诗人退隐山林、超脱世俗后的轻松心态,诗人青年时激情满怀,到晚年心境逐渐归于安宁平和,“静”表现了诗人情感心理的变化。诗人原本踌躇满志,想大展宏图,然而朝廷腐败,官场黑暗,他壮志难酬。面对黑暗现实他感到无能为力,只能跳出尘世,归隐林野,“自顾无长策,空知返旧林”中的“空”指诗人清除心中的一切世俗杂念,内心变得澄净安宁。黄译In evening years I only care for peace/No worldly affairs ever trouble my mind's ease中peace、mind's ease表现了诗人内心的宁静。Why not return to the woods of my young days用反问句式,语气强烈,传达了诗人对回归自然、纵情山水的强烈渴望。My loose sash's caressed by the wind from pines中caress富于情感色彩,表现了诗人与大自然的亲密无间、心灵契合。You ask the reason for failure and success/A fisher croons into the stream's recess中fisher暗喻诗人,croons明写渔夫哼着渔歌,暗写诗人自吟自唱,逍遥自在,recess暗写诗人居所的宁静幽僻。
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